adobe aem headless cms documentation. Start here for a guided journey through the powerful and flexible headless features of AEM, their capabilities, and how to use them on your project. adobe aem headless cms documentation

 
 Start here for a guided journey through the powerful and flexible headless features of AEM, their capabilities, and how to use them on your projectadobe aem headless cms documentation Next Steps

js and click on the Install option. The most common deployment pattern with AEM headless applications is to have the production version of the application connect to an AEM Publish service. AEM 6. So in this regard, AEM already was a Headless CMS. Provide a Title and a Name for your configuration. - 330830. The multi-line text field is a data type of Content Fragments that enables authors to create rich text content. Getting Started with AEM Headless. On the Cloud Manager tile, select Launch. The journey lays out the requirements, steps, and approach of an AEM Headless project from the perspective of a Content Architect. After a user creates a Content Fragment based on the Article model, it can then be interrogated through GraphQL. Referrer Filter. In a production environment, you use AEM Forms to deliver the form JSON, more on it later. NOTE. Start your local development environment. The power of AEM allows it to deliver content either headlessly, full-stack, or in both. ) that is curated by the. Headless content management is a key development for today’s web design that decouples the frontend, client-side applications from the backend, content management system. Select Adobe Target at. For publishing from AEM Sites using Edge Delivery Services, click here. For headless, your content can be authored as Content Fragments. An introduction to the headless features of Adobe Experience Manager, and how to author content for your project. Request made to CDN mapped in DNS to that domain. resolver. js and click on the Install option. They can be requested with a GET request by client applications. In the previous document of the AEM Quick Site Creation journey, Create Site from Template, you learned how to use a site template to quickly create an AEM site that can be further customized using front-end tools and now you should now:. What is a traditional CMS? This is likely the one you are familiar with. Experience Cloud Advocates. : Guide: Developers new to AEM and headless: 1. See Wikipedia. Headless Authoring Journey - Start here for a guided journey through the powerful and flexible headless features of AEM, their capabilities, and how. When using AEM Headless Persisted Queries which access AEM over HTTP GET, a Referrer Filter. Documentation: Documenting headless applications can be challenging since there is no UI to provide context. The configured AEM service’s host/domain is then used to construct the AEM GraphQL API URLs and Image URLs. AEM’s GraphQL APIs for Content Fragments. Before going into more details about this, a few words about GraphQL GraphQL is primarily designed to expose the content fragment data to downstream applications. These are self-contained items of content that can be directly accessed by a range of applications, as they have a predefined structure, based on Content Fragment Models. json (or . This means your project can realize headless delivery of. The AEM SDK. This document helps you understand headless content delivery, how AEM supports headless, and how. Authoring for AEM Headless - An Introduction. The current implementation of the Assets HTTP API is based on the REST architectural style and enables you to access content (stored in AEM) via CRUD operations (Create, Read, Update, Delete). Adobe Experience Manager Forms as a Cloud Service offers a cloud-native, Platform as a Service (PaaS) solution for businesses to create, manage, publish, and update complex digital forms while integrating submitted data with back-end processes, business rules, and saving data in. The term “headless” comes from the concept of chopping the “head” (the front end, i. Based on my experience and the way Adobe AEM CMS integrates with Target for offers/experience fragments, I would say option 2 is preferred. Adobe Experience Manager, the leading headless CMS by Adobe Abstract Why would you need a headless CMS? IT is looking to address Agility and Flexibility Organisations want to deliver app-like experiences in addition to regular content pages Javascript frameworks like React and Angular have matured. From the AEM Start screen, navigate to Tools > General > GraphQL. See full list on experienceleague. The typical use case being our clients have a complete AEM suite and we would like to pull down assets within the CMS for them to use within our application. In the previous document of the AEM headless journey, Learn About CMS Headless Development you learned the basic theory of what a headless CMS is and you should. This involves structuring, and creating, your content for headless content delivery. Becker (@ MarkBecker), Markus Haack (@ mhaack), and Jody Arthur This is the first part of a series of the new headless architecture for Adobe Experience Manager. In this session, you’ll learn how to quickly setup a React App fueled with data coming from Adobe Experience Manager headless CMS. Authoring for AEM Headless - An Introduction. 3, Adobe has fully delivered its content-as-a-service (CaaS. Overview. A headless CMS is therefore responsible for the (backend) content management services, together with the mechanisms allowing the (frontend) applications to access that content. Content fragment via asset API (demo) Content fragment via graphql (demo) Some real-time use cases around using content fragments and their approaches. In terms of. This is your 24 hour, developer access token to the AEM as a Cloud Service environment. The Assets REST API offered REST-style access to assets stored within an AEM instance. We have come up with a comprehensive step-by-step guide to help you out while working on AEM 6. This end-to-end tutorial continues the basic tutorial that covered the fundamentals of Adobe Experience Manager (AEM) Headless and GraphQL. A modern content delivery API is key for efficiency and performance of Javascript-based frontend applications. Welcome to the documentation for developers who are new to Adobe Experience Manager headless CMS! Learn about the powerful and flexible headless features, their capabilities, and how to use them on your first headless development project. ADOBE Experience Manager. Start here for a guided journey through the powerful and flexible headless features of AEM, their capabilities, and how to leverage them on your project. Adobe Experience Manager Assets is a DAM that gives you automation and tools to rapidly source, adapt, and deliver your assets across audiences and channels so you can spend less time searching for and adjusting content. Start here for a guided journey through the powerful and flexible headless features of AEM, their capabilities, and how to leverage them on your project. Adobe Experience Manager supports a headless approach,. Content Fragment Models are generally stored in a folder structure. Tutorials by framework. With Adobe’s industry-proven governance. Log into AEM and from the main menu select Tools -> Assets -> Content Fragment Models. Experience League. GraphQL is used in two (separate) scenarios in Adobe Experience Manager (AEM): AEM Commerce consumes data from a Commerce platform via GraphQL. Adobe’s Open Web stack, providing various essential components (Note that the 6. A headless content management system (CMS) is a tool in which you decouple where content is stored (back-end) from where it is presented (frontend), communicating with each other via APIs. Experience Cloud Advocates. 3 latest capabilities that enable channel agnostic experience management use-cases, and more. Then Getting Started with AEM Headless as a Cloud Service described AEM Headless in the context of your own project. Headless-cms-in-aem Headless CMS in AEM 6. The headless part is the content backend, as a headless Content Management System (CMS) is a back-end only content management system, designed. Determine how content is distributed by regions and countries. The journey lays out the requirements, steps, and approach of an AEM Headless project from the perspective of a Content Architect. Experience Manager tutorials. Introduction. The two only interact through API calls. Scheduler was put in place to sync the data updates between third party API and Content fragments. In the previous document of the AEM headless journey, Learn About CMS Headless Development you learned the basic theory of what a headless CMS is and you should. Learn how Experience Manager as a Cloud Service works and what the software can do for you. Contentful is a pure headless CMS. Welcome to the documentation for developers who are new to Adobe Experience Manager headless CMS! Learn about the powerful and flexible headless features, their capabilities, and how to use them on your first headless development project. Introduction to Adobe Experience Manager headless CMS Content Fragments GraphQL capabilities. e. Introduction to Adobe Experience Manager as a Headless CMS {#introduction-aem-headless} Learn how to use Adobe Experience Manager (AEM) as a Headless CMS (Content Management System), with features such as Content Fragment Models, Content Fragments, and a GraphQL API that together power headless experiences at scale. The Single-line text field is another data type of Content. It extends Adobe Experience Manager as a. Learn how Experience Manager as a Cloud Service works and what the software can do for you. This document helps you understand headless content delivery, how AEM supports headless, and how. Bring in-context and headless authoring to your NextJS app. In this part of the AEM Headless Developer Journey, learn about what is required to get your own project started with AEM Headless. Select Adobe Target at. With Headless Adaptive Forms, you can streamline the process of building. In the previous document of the AEM headless journey, Path to Your First Experience Using AEM Headless, you then learned the steps needed to implement your first project. Example applications are a great way to explore the headless capabilities of Adobe Experience Manager (AEM). In this part of the AEM Headless Content Architect Journey, you can learn the (basic) concepts and terminology necessary to understand content modeling when using Adobe Experience Manager (AEM) as a Cloud Service as a Headless CMS. A collection of documentation journeys describing how to use Adobe Experience Manager as a Headless CMS. Sign In. Quick links. json (or . Adobe’s Open Web stack, providing various essential components (Note that the 6. Learn about key AEM 6. Topics: Content Fragments. AEM offers the flexibility to exploit the advantages of both models in one project. Applying Tags. If content is fully cached on CDN, CDN serves it to the browser. It is a query language API. Meet our community of customer. 1. The typical use case being our clients have a complete AEM suite and we would like to pull down assets within the CMS for them to use within our application. 3 and has improved since then, it mainly consists of the following components: 1. Tap on the download button in the top-left corner to download the JSON file containing accessToken value, and save the JSON file to a safe location on your development machine. AEM Content Fragments work together with the AEM GraphQL API (a customized implementation, based on standard GraphQL), to deliver structured content for use in. Headless Developer Journey: Explore this guided journey through the powerful and flexible headless features of AEM to prepare for your first headless project. Start here for a guided journey through the powerful and flexible headless features of AEM, their capabilities, and how to leverage them on your project. The following AEM documentation includes everything from essential guides for those new to the content management system (CMS) to videos, tutorials, and further learning resources to get the most out of AEM 6. Created for: Beginner. e. Adobe Experience Manager (AEM) is a comprehensive content management solution for building websites, mobile apps, and forms. Headless implementation forgoes page and component management, as is traditional in. With Headless Adaptive Forms, you can streamline the process of building forms, making it easier to collect data from your users. Tap the all-teams query from Persisted Queries panel and tap Publish. 0 versions enable the GraphQL runtime platform to expose the Content Fragments through GraphQL API. Get ready for Adobe Summit. Using a REST API introduce challenges: Large number of requests for fetching one object at a time Often “over-delivering” content, meaning the application receives more than it needs To overcome these challenges GraphQL provides a query-based API allowing clients to query AEM for only the content it needs, and to receive using a single API. References to other content, such as images or other Content Fragments can be dynamically inserted in-line within the flow of the text. AEM Content Fragments work together with the AEM GraphQL API (a customized implementation, based on standard GraphQL), to deliver structured content for use in your applications. Watch overview At One Inside, our expertise relies on the implementation of the Adobe CMS, Adobe Experience Manager (AEM). Developer tools. Rich text with AEM Headless. 2. To tag content and use the AEM Tagging infrastructure : The tag must exist as a node of type cq:Tag under the taxonomy root node. Instead of continually planning for upgrades and monitoring site traffic. Adobe Experience Manager Assets is a DAM that gives you automation and tools to rapidly source, adapt, and deliver your assets across audiences and channels so you can spend less time. Place the <jar file contaning custom fonts and relevant deployment code>. To determine the correct approach for managing build dependent configurations, reference the AEM Headless app’s framework (for example, React, iOS, Android™, and so on) documentation, as the approach varies by. The Content Fragments console is dedicated to managing, searching for, and creating Content Fragments. All 3rd party applications can consume this data. Publish service content delivery includes: CDN. The AEM Headless Client for JavaScript is used to execute the GraphQL persisted queries that power the app. . This tutorial explores how AEM’s GraphQL APIs and headless capabilities can be used to power the experiences surfaced in an external app. Authoring Basics for Headless with AEM. Using no Adobe Experience Manager coding, define structured content using Content Fragment Models, relationships between them,. Headless CMS for dummies by Maciej Dybek Abstract Headless CMS explained in 3 minutes Key question The first question that I hear when talking about headless CMSs is: What a headless CMS actually is and what benefit it can give me? Ok, so when we talk about headless CMSs we should actually consider. A headless CMS remains with an interface to add content and a RESTful API (JSON, XML) to deliver content wherever you need it. AEM as a Cloud Service and AEM 6. First select which model you wish to use to create your content fragment and tap or click Next. Within a model: Data Types allow you to define the individual attributes. In the Add Configuration drop-down list, select the configuration. PGA TOUR joins us to discuss key insights and best practices that helped them build a new multichannel experience for golf fans worldwide. Select the Cloud Services tab. Nikunj Merchant. 9th November, 2022 | 10:45-11:30 PST OR 18:45-19:30 UTC OR 19:45-20:30 CET. Start here for a guided journey through the powerful and flexible headless features of AEM, their capabilities, and how to leverage them on your project. This guide explains the concepts of authoring in AEM in the classic user interface. Developer. AEM Headless is a CMS solution from Experience Manager that allows structured content (Content Fragments) in AEM to be consumed by any app over HTTP using GraphQL. I'm looking for specific HTTP RESTful API documentation for AEM Assets headless-CMS. ; The data types Content Reference and Fragment Reference let you create relationships to other content within AEM. With Adobe Experience Manager version 6. With Headless Adaptive Forms, you can streamline the process of building. The best practice is a language-based structure with no more than 3 levels between the top-level authoring and country sites. Developer. In this part of the AEM Headless Content Architect Journey, you can learn the (basic) concepts and terminology necessary to understand content modeling for headless content delivery with Adobe Experience Manager (AEM). Tap or click Create -> Content Fragment. e. Provide the following information to create the job: Topic: The job topic. js) Remote SPAs with editable AEM content using AEM SPA Editor. jcr. to gain points, level up, and earn exciting badges like the newWhat is Headless CMS CMS consist of Head and Body. To browse the fields of your content models, follow the steps below. We’ll cover retrieving Content Fragment data from AEM’s GraphQL APIs and displaying it in the React app. This means that you are targeting your personalized experiences at specific audiences. These are defined by information architects in the AEM Content Fragment Model editor. Community. In this case, /content/dam/wknd/en is selected. Consider which countries share languages. html with . The Story So Far. Adobe Experience Manager Sites is an industry-leading headless content management system (CMS), which makes it easy for your marketing and IT teams to create and deliver personalized content. With Content Fragments and the GraphQL API you can use Adobe Experience Manager (AEM) as a Cloud Service as a Headless Content Management System (CMS). When checked, this option enables storing assets. An introduction to the headless features of Adobe Experience Manager, and how to author content for your project. AEM offers the flexibility to exploit the advantages of both models in one project. the content repository). Navigate to the folder you created previously. Tap Create > Adaptive Forms. Get a free trial. 5, or to overcome a specific challenge, the resources on this page will help. Experience Cloud Advocates. Answer: To expose data, we can use - SlingModelExporters with Components OR - GraphQL with content fragments . Welcome to the multi-part tutorial for developers looking to augment an existing React-based (or Next. The Story So Far. Content fragment via asset API (demo) Content fragment via graphql (demo) Some real-time use cases around using content fragments and their approaches. Once headless content has been. This journey is designed for the translation specialist persona, often referred to as the Translation Project Manager or TPM. Adobe Experience Manager (AEM) is the leading experience management platform. Sharing the documentation related to the queries: How to authenticate users via API For AEMaaCS, use the Service Accounts. Start here for a guided journey through the powerful and flexible headless features of AEM, their capabilities, and how to leverage them on your first development project. We can show you what AEM can do in regards to content. The AEM Headless Client for JavaScript is used to execute the GraphQL queries that power the app. In this part of the AEM Headless Content Author Journey, you can learn the (basic) concepts and terminology necessary to understand authoring content when using Adobe Experience Manager (AEM) as a Cloud Service as a Headless CMS. This guide contains videos and tutorials on the many features and capabilities of AEM. location). The multi-line text field is a data type of Content Fragments that enables authors to create rich text content. A headless CMS remains with an interface to add content and a RESTful API (JSON, XML) to deliver content wherever you need it. Headless implementations enable delivery of experiences across platforms and channels at scale. internal. 5 Developing Guide Adobe Experience Manager Components - The Basics. The configuration file must be named like: com. Translating Headless Content in AEM. 5, or to overcome a specific challenge, the resources on this page will help. Learn how to use Content Fragments in Adobe Experience Manager (AEM) as a Cloud Service with the AEM GraphQL API for headless content delivery. After reading you should: Understand the importance of content. If you are new to either AEM or headless, see Adobe’s Headless Documentation Journeys for an end-to-end introduction to both headless and how AEM supports it. The Content Fragments console provides direct access to your fragments, and related tasks. This selection process is based on your Content Fragment Models. Experience League. AEM Headless CMS – GraphQL by Mujafar Shaik Abstract Hello everyone, Today I came with an exciting topic, AEM Headless CMS with GraphQL. Due to this approach, a headless CMS does not. The Single-line text field is another data type of Content. To address the above issues, our Hybrid Architecture managed content as a Single Source of Truth, free from both business logic and presentation technology. To maintain version history of assets in AEM, configure asset versioning in AEM. There is no official AEM Assets - Adobe Commerce integration available. Check both AEM and Sling plugins. Next page. Navigate to Tools -> Assets -> Content Fragment Models. Learn how to use Content Fragments in Adobe Experience Manager (AEM) as a Cloud Service with the AEM GraphQL API for headless content delivery. Francisco Chicharro Sanz, Software Engineer, Adobe & Tobias Reiss, Engineering Manager, Adobe. The advanced tutorial illustrates in-depth aspects of working with Content Fragment Models, Content Fragments, and the AEM GraphQL persisted queries, including using the. Rather than delivering HTML or formatted content directly, a headless CMS decouples content from presentation, enabling content to be used by a variety of front-end technologies. Repeat above step for person-by-name query. The use of Android is largely unimportant, and the consuming mobile app. Repeat above step for person-by-name query. Headless Developer Journey: Explore this guided journey through the powerful and flexible headless features of AEM to prepare for your first headless project. In the left-hand rail, expand My Project and tap English. Then realize that the structure for Adobe Experience Manager (AEM) using Content Fragments Models and Content Fragments, for reuse across channels. It has been optimized for use in a Headless context, but is also used when creating Content Fragments for use in page authoring. 3. This guide contains videos and tutorials on the many features and capabilities of AEM. Sites User Guide. We are looking for people that are passionate about the CMS technology space with deep product knowledge and domain thought-leadership that can bring unique value to. From the AEM Start Screen, tap Content Fragments to open up the Content Fragments UI. Innovation Details; Headless Adaptive Forms: Create and manage Headless Adaptive Forms within the Adobe Experience Manager platform. Once headless content has been. Using the API a developer can formulate queries that select specific content. Rich text with AEM Headless. The best practice is a language-based structure with no more than 3 levels between the top-level authoring and country sites. Introduction AEM has multiple options for defining. sling. The API lets you operate Adobe Experience Manager as a Cloud Service as a headless CMS (Content Management System) by providing Content Services to a JavaScript front-end application. AEM Forms Headless Adaptive Forms provide a fast and efficient way to create forms for various platforms including Headless or Headful CMS, React applications, Single Page Applications (SPA), Web Apps, Mobile apps, Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, WhatsApp, and more. Headless CMS. The site creation wizard starts. The models available depend on the Cloud Configuration you defined for the assets. They can be used to access structured data, including texts, numbers, and dates, amongst others. If the Name is left blank it is derived from the Title. Courses Tutorials Certification Events Instructor-led training View all learning options. Introduction to Adobe Experience Manager headless CMS Content Fragments GraphQL capabilities. A Headless Content Management System (CMS) is: "A headless content management system, or headless CMS, is a back-end only content management system (CMS) built from the ground up as a content repository that makes content accessible via an API for display on any device. In terms of authoring Content Fragments in AEM. This is the same framework used to translate other AEM content, such as Pages, Experience Fragments, Assets, and Forms. AEM Dispatcher. Persisted queries are GraphQL queries that are created and stored on the Adobe Experience Manager (AEM) server. In this part of the AEM Headless Developer Journey, learn about what is required to get your own project started with AEM Headless. The Create new GraphQL Endpoint dialog box opens. Tap in the Integrations tab. Editable templates and core components, such as headers and footers, with adjustable styling. Community. Use GraphQL schema provided by: use the drop-down list to select the required configuration. Using a REST API introduce challenges: AEM Headless CMS Developer Journey. Experience Manager fast tracks new apps and digital experience development using a scalable, cloud-native CMS using open, extensible APIs. Now even AEM as a cloud service has react as inbuilt program into its archetype as part of Adobe’s best practices known to its Headless CMS architecture. 5 and Adobe Experience Manager as a Cloud Service, let's explore how Adobe Experience. To download assets, follow these steps: In Experience Manager user interface, click Assets > Files. When we update one piece of content, it propagates. Product abstractions such as pages, assets, workflows, etc. In Eclipse, open the Help menu. Or as a workaround, you can store product assets (images) in AEM Assets but you must manually store the asset URLs in Adobe Commerce. Learn about headless development using Adobe Experience Manager (AEM) as a Headless CMS. Last update: 2023-08-31. Creating a Configuration. Understand how to build and customize experiences using AEM’s powerful features by exploring these development and deployment topics. Tap or click Create. The Content author and other. Next Steps. Headless Developer Journey: Explore this guided journey through the powerful and flexible headless features of AEM to prepare for your first headless project. Description. Meet the headless CMS that powers connected experiences everywhere, faster. The journey will define additional personas with which the content architect must interact for a successful project, but the point-of-view for the journey is that of the content architect. For a step-by-step guide to creating your own SPA, see the Getting Started with the AEM SPA Editor - WKND Events Tutorial. This solution consisted of AEM as a headless CMS at the center with SpringBoot based microservices providing complex business services. In this part of the AEM Headless Content Architect Journey, you can learn the (basic) concepts and terminology necessary to understand content modeling when using Adobe Experience Manager (AEM) as a Cloud Service as a Headless CMS. Customers move constantly between multiple devices and platforms when interacting with brands today, and they expect those experiences to be seamless. This document helps you understand how to get started translating headless content in AEM. A Headless Content Management System (CMS) is: "A headless content management system, or headless CMS, is a back-end only content management system (CMS) built from the ground up as a content repository that makes content accessible via an API for display on any device. This document helps you understand headless content. Understand how to build and customize experiences using AEM’s powerful features by exploring these development and deployment topics. Tap Create to bring up the New Content Fragment dialog and enter the following values: Tap Create. Define the trigger that will start the pipeline. In this case, there are no AEM Templates, but AEM Components may be there connecting the new front end with AEM Data store. Experience Fragments are fully laid out. The tagged content node’s NodeType must include the cq:Taggable mixin. Customers move constantly between multiple devices and platforms when interacting with brands today, and they expect those experiences to be seamless. A collection of documentation journeys describing how to use Adobe Experience Manager as a Headless CMS. Support enterprise governance and globalisation needs with a cloud-native architecture that’s always current, providing fast deployment cycles, auto-scaling and a self-healing infrastructure. Learn about the concepts and mechanics of authoring content for your Headless CMS using Content. map. An introduction to the headless features of Adobe Experience Manager, and how to author content for your project. In the previous document of the AEM headless journey, Learn About CMS Headless Development you learned the basic theory of what a headless CMS is and you should. API. AEM Content Fragments work together with the AEM GraphQL API (a customized implementation,. This means your content can reach a wide range of devices, in a wide range of formats and with a. This guide provides an overview of Experience Manager as a Cloud service, including an introduction, terminology, architecture, etc. Build a React JS app using GraphQL in a pure headless scenario. In the sites console, select the page to configure and select View Properties. AEM Fluid Experiences for headless usecases. You can go to the Style or Submission tabs to select a different theme or submit action. A headless CMS is therefore responsible for the (backend) content management services, together with the mechanisms allowing the (frontend) applications to access that content. Community. In this part of the AEM Headless Content Architect Journey, you can learn the (basic) concepts and terminology necessary to understand content modeling when using Adobe Experience Manager (AEM) as a Cloud Service as a Headless CMS. In AEM, AEM Content fragments are headless with GraphQL, AEM JCR OOTB XML and JSON, Sling model Exporter, CCMS (XML Documentation Add-on for Adobe Experience Manager), and AEM SPA. Monitor Performance and Debug Issues. Consider which countries share languages. In the Comment box, type a translation hint for the translator if necessary. The Create new GraphQL Endpoint dialog box opens. 9th November, 2022 | 10:45-11:30 PST OR 18:45-19:30 UTC OR 19:45-20:30 CET. A collection of documentation journeys describing how to use Adobe Experience Manager as a Headless CMS. Adobe Experience Manager (AEM) provides several APIs for developing applications and extending AEM. The Wizard opens. This tutorial builds upon the WKND GraphQL App , a React app that consumes AEM Content Fragment content over AEM’s GraphQL APIs, however does not provide any in. Adobe’s visual style for cloud UIs, designed to provide consistency. March 25–28, 2024 — Las Vegas and online. Select the required Template, then Next: Enter the Properties for your Experience Fragment. After successfully logging on, you are directed to the Cloud Manager landing page. Introduction to AEM Forms as a Cloud Service. Select the Asset Download email notifications checkbox and click Accept. Documentation AEM Headless adaptive forms Introduction Last update: 2023-10-11 Topics: Adaptive Forms Created for: Beginner Intermediate Admin Developer. 2.